Scarlet letter Essays

Dolls House/Scarlet letter Essays Dolls House/Scarlet letter Paper Dolls House/Scarlet letter Paper Paper Topic: A Dolls House The Scarlet Letter Frequently, other than depicting the dynamic changing character direct, creators will interlace a specific article that represents the hero over the span of the story. A couple genuine instances of this can be indicated utilizing Nathanial Hawthornes The Scarlet Letter and Henrik Ibsens A Dolls House. While both have various images, the two of them depict the ladies heroes in the story, its implications changing after some time. For The Scarlet Letter, the hero Hester Prynnes image is the letter A sewn onto her dress while in A Dolls House, Nora Helmers image is the Christmas tree her family gets for these special seasons. In the start of the book, every image implies a certain something, while toward the finish of the story it takes on a totally new importance, nearly the inverse. In The Scarlet Letter, Hester Prynnes representative letter A holds a kindhearted importance before the finish of the story, while toward the starting that was a long way from, fairly inverse, of what it should mean. Miscreant. Blamed for submitting infidelity while hanging tight years for her significant other to get back home to her, a red letter An is weaved upon the chest of Hester. In the start of the novel, truth be told, the letter is delineated as an unsavory token of disgrace that stands apart on her chest while she is remaining upon the framework for the entire world to see her. What's more, when she is holding her child before her, proof of her supposed wrongdoing, it is said that one token of her disgrace would however inadequately serve to conceal another. From the earliest starting point of the novel, portrayed as the wearer of the red letter rather than her name Hester, the letter came to characterize her and caused her to lose the various parts of herself. Over the span of the story, occasions continually happen to help her to remember the red letter she despicably appears to shoulder. In one moment at Governor Bellinghams house when her girl is seeing some shield, Hester sees that it resembles a curved mirror and the red letter was spoken to in misrepresented and enormous extents, in order to be extraordinarily the most conspicuous component or her appearance. In another piece of the story, Hesters girl Pearl begins gathering bunches of wild roses, and throwing them, individually, at her moms chest; moving here and there, similar to a little mythical being, at whatever point she hit the red letter. Once more, to Hester it is another second continually helping her to remember what she did. The change all beginnings in Chapter thirteen, called Another View of Hester, the title alone anticipating an adjustment in importance of the image. The image not just gets overlooked and ignored; it turns out to be practically sacrosanct and represents somebody of a higher status. Portrayed with a constructive implication, sparkling in its incredible weaving, the letter is presently a recognizable article to the townspeople. Hester turned into a comfort in times of dire need; one to help those out of luck, feed poor people, and fix the wiped out. Capable. In A Dolls House, what Nora experiences is practically inverse of what happens to Hester. While Hester gradually expands her status in the public arena, Nora Helmer weakens alongside the Christmas tree over the span of the short play. This is unmistakably observed by inspecting minute portrayals, stage bearings and away from delineations of both Nora and the Christmas tree. The tree is to some degree referenced in each scene, indifferently out of sight of where the move is making place. From the earliest starting point of the play, when the doorman is helping her get the tree, to all through the play when she is gradually beautifying the tree gradually, the tree is seen somehow. There is more than one equal among Nora and the tree, representing her mentally, however truly too. Mentally, as expressed prior, Nora bit by bit turns into a rumpled wreckage, when nervousness fills her at the idea of her mystery being uncovered by Krogstad, which thusly would make Torvald very distraught at her. Supporting this, she is portrayed as being distant from everyone else in the room, strolling about precariously. Thus, this is at the point in the story, the start of Act II, when the Christmas tree is additionally depicted as a sorry wreckage. In a corner, it is deprived of its trimmings with torched light finishes on its rumpled branches. Moving along to the comparative physical portrayal of Nora and the tree, the conversation of embellishments are basic. Most importantly, Nora enlivens the tree similarly as Torvald appears to adorn and dress her for the gathering. Essentially, she refuses the youngsters from seeing the tree before it looks lovely with the entirety of its decorations, much the same as she won't let anybody see her in her new dress until the evening of the gathering. Aside from simply the way that Nora and the tree are both only designed, the real trimmings can be taken a gander at in a manner to represent her falsehoods she tells. As the tree loses its di cor and magnificence, that is how much closer the fact of the matter is getting to being uncovered. On that digression, in the start of the play in Act I, Torvald tells Nora, Keep your little Christmas privileged insights to yourself, my dear. They will all be uncovered to-night when the Christmas tree is lit, no uncertainty. This is the thing that could be the start of where the parallelism among Nora and the tree really begins. Strikingly, in spite of the fact that this is before the part where the peruser really thinks about Noras lies and what Krogstad has on her, once thought back upon this part can be viewed as a characterizing starting to the imagery. Despite the fact that the images depicted the fundamental character in every novel, their implications changed in various ways, one emphatically and the other adversely. In The Scarlet Letter, the significance emblematic letter A changed from miscreant to capable, childhood Hesters position in the public arena from one of disgrace to one individuals could gaze upward to. Then again, in A Dolls House, the physical condition of the Christmas tree gradually exacerbates through the span of the play, speaking to the decay of Noras mental state. While one lady had more karma than the other in the way that her image improved, the style of writing as far as imagery that both Hawthorne and Ibsen had were fundamentally the same as.

Who I Am as a Teenager

Who am I? This vulnerability must be one of the most well-known to experience a teenager’s cerebrum. As a standard adolescent, I commit errors, giggle, cry, grin and love. Each involvement with my life fortunate or unfortunate, cheerful or miserable makes me more grounded. Each progression in my life and each passing second cause me to develop into the individual I need to be. To comprehend who I am, I need to discuss things that help to shape my personality like my past, the way of life where I originate from, the earth where I grow up and my family Our history impacts our energy and our nationalistic propensities. As I have been growing up, I notice that my whole foundation have impacted in who I am. My history causes me to recall where my progenitors originated from. By recollecting that, I will comprehend my legacy, progressively about me, and how I should carry on with my life as well as can be expected. History isn't just enlightening me concerning how my family’s progenitors experienced their lives, yet in addition show me my way of life, my convention, and the way that I think. The family ancestry of everyone denotes their past, their present, and their future, in light of the fact that the outcomes of the activities stay in time. Our way of life impacts, to a degree, everything in our lives, from how we are educated, the ethics we are instructed and different effects on our lives, for example, sports we play, nourishments we eat, garments we wear, music we tune in to and how we feel. Every one of these models speak to my way of life. It makes me unique and recognizes me with my origination, and I feel significant in this world due to these distinctions. I was conceived in a little city in Vietnam, and I didn't have any sibling or sister. As the lone youngster in my family, I experienced childhood in an extremely cherishing, mindful and teaching family condition. Be that as it may, experienced childhood in that sort of protected condition kept me from seeing the outside world. My solitary companions were my toys, so when I began pre-school, it was extremely extraordinary for me in light of the fact that there were significantly a bigger number of children than I was accustomed to seeing. Since I didn't know anybody, I didn’t talk without question. As I became more established and traveled through school, I started to have a larger number of companions than I backed in pre-school. I was beginning to talk more and be increasingly dynamic. I understood that the earth where I grew up had affected who I am as an individual. This pieces of my experience make the individual that I am. Another part of who I am is the interests that I appreciate doing. I like to tune in to any sort of music with the exception of rock and rap. I appreciate playing sports, for example, soccer, ball and football with my companions. I likewise appreciate rough terrain experiences, and playing with my two three-year old nephews. Another of my leisure activities is perusing books particularly clinical books since I need to be a specialist like my folks. My family is presumably the biggest explanation that makes me who I am today since it chooses my character, predisposition and character defects. My father and my mother are the two dental specialists and despite the fact that they are occupied with their activity, they generally invest the vast majority of the energy to deal with me. Being a working housewife, my mother makes a decent attempt to be a decent homemaker. She is a gutsy cook, and she is acceptable. Not at all like a large number of my dad’s contemporizes, he is a perfect example of wholeness and wellbeing and imperativeness. I respect his commitment to his patients and work. Despite the fact that my dad is an exacting slave driver, he can be convivial and minding simultaneously. At the point when I was debilitated, my folks would take off work and spend the entire day to spoiling me back to wellbeing. My father used to reveal to me that â€Å"as a person, everyone committed errors. A few people would deny to confronting it however the keen individuals would have the graciousness to gain from them and not made them twice. † He additionally showed me how to be solid. He advised me to aside from things as they occurred and proceeded onward. In the event that I went through the entire day considering it, I could miss the things that fulfilled me. In addition to the fact that they taught me great virtues, however they likewise gave me instances of good conduct and how to help my family. I was instructed that my most significant objective in life was to have decent training. My folks used to state that some time or another they would not be with me any longer, and on the off chance that I needed to have a financial freedom, I needed to have decent training. At that point I began to consider that, and I chose to concentrate abroad in America. I knew more companions and got progressively autonomous. Through that experience, I got an opportunity to encounter both conventional Vietnamese culture and development American culture. I figured out how to utilize my Asian foundation as an advantageous device and to consider myself to be an extraordinary individual as opposed to as a transient. I had the option to know and find out about every individual and their way of life; my character changed from withdrawn to friendly. Henry Ford once stated, â€Å"Life is a progression of encounters, every single one of which makes us greater, despite the fact that it is difficult to understand this. † Each one of us is one of a kind in the manner that we decipher the effects on us and choose whether or not to acknowledge these outside intercessions in our self-embellishment. My history, my way of life and my family’s condition are the most significant pieces of my life. They are things that help to shape who I am. I love being me and the individual that I am. I am not great, and don’t attempt to be. I experience existence with a receptive outlook and take things in as they occur. I am me and that everything I can be.

Wk 6 Homework Solutions Sample Essay

Wk 6 Homework Solutions Sample Essay There are questions for the sixth week of education that require searching for the answers or the homework solutions. Considering the questions and the answers provide an easier approach to the process of education. Start with the explanation of the work of the stable or automatic stabilisers. The next step is differentiating the regressive, progressive and relative income improvement that defines the stability of the economic system. Students can write such response as GDP influences the income improvement gross. In the case of the GDP growth, the same happens with the income rate. On the other hand, when there’s a lowering of GDP, the income rate represents slowing down or lowering the number of payments transfers. A continuous income raises influence the results and the outcome of the three income rate types and the stability of the regressive income rate. A progressive income rate is raising when there’s a proportional or regressive income raise as well. The GDP is an additional tool for raising the regressive income rate. This situation is used for eliminating the revenue. One can notice the opposite situation when the progressive income rate is lowering. Another task that students have to do during the sixth week of education is to explain the use of the financial policy to obtain and measure the work of the clip slowdowns. A student should find any possible reasons that can weaken the financial policy that can influence the income rate. Students should look for the consequences of crowding out and its approach to the financial policy. The next question for the sixth week is connected with the merge of the economic system. The students should define how the financial policy is connected with the jurisprudence and how it can influence the slowdown of the economic system. Students can explain that fiscal policy can become a handy tool for preventing any negative cases such as the unexpected rise of the prices. It can be influenced by the political representatives that are able to stabilise the whole system. Most often it happens before the elections when there’s a need to win the votes of the electors. If the case that is described above happens too often or every time there’s an election of a new candidate, the economic stability is questionable. The lowering of income rate can cause the consumer’s lost of costs. If the income of the household is cut, the disbursements are inevitable. Some may believe that the income rate will grow again, however, the households can search for alternative income rate growing schemes or expect the need to pay the revenue in the future. The sincere belief in the future raise of the income together with the interest rate, the households can change their expectations about the need to pay the increased interest rate. The results of the lowering of the investments can finish in lowering the involvement rates. The financial situation can be stabilised by borrowing some sums. For example, The G addition was increasing while the AD was lowering.

The Beginning Of Colonial Life - 1060 Words

The beginning of colonial life started off with great living conditions. There was a lack of disease and good amount of clean drinking. These new conditions for the colonist added a few years to the life expectancies. Because of the new great life spans of the colonist, the growth of New England was at an all-time high. Even though there was a great start in New England, Chesapeake was far from growing at the time. It was full of disease; almost all of the men and women were widowers. And their children became orphans. Even though there were countless deaths, disease captured mostly European women. The men then began to have relations with African and Native American women. This then became known as miscegenation. Native Americans and†¦show more content†¦The Native Americans then proceeded to take tactics from the Europeans. This then would help and give them an advantage in fight. Both sides of the Native American groups fought on this conflict. Washington then gave up and soon the Colonial militia was taken over by General Braddock, all because the French advanced in their proceedings of Fort Necessity. In 1755 the French were victorious until 1758 when the British won a series of battles. The British captured the French city of Quebec in 1759 while in 1760 the French signed a peace treaty with the British. In this treaty Canada will no longer be controlled by France. All the while the British allowed religious freedom to also take place here, which still was not present in the other thirteen colonies. The end of the war was official with the Treaty of Paris. Then there was the Treaty of Paris. This is when France surrendered Canada to Britain with Louisiana under Spanish Control. These wars doubled the debt for the English in its colonies and England. Since there was an extensive amount of British troops, taxes were increased and this caused the American Revolution that was an anti- British movement. Furthermore the Colonial period first had a grea t growth while others such as Chesapeake had numerous deaths. Britain and France had ongoing conflicts over control, the Native Americans and Africans then became involved while the militias were taken

Regis University Acceptance Rate, SAT/ACT Scores, GPA

Regis University is a private Jesuit university with an acceptance rate of 60%. Founded in 1877, Regis University is located in Denver, Colorado. Regis motto, Men and Women in Service of Others, is reflective of the schools emphasis on community service. Undergraduates can choose from 20 degree programs within 5 colleges and schools. Professional fields in business and health care are the most popular among undergraduates. The university has a 13-to-1  student / faculty ratio. On the athletic front, the Regis Rangers compete in the NCAA Division II Rocky Mountain Athletic Conference (RMAC). Considering applying to Regis University? Here are the admissions statistics you should know, including average SAT/ACT scores and GPAs of admitted students. Acceptance Rate During the 2017-18 admissions cycle, Regis University had an acceptance rate of 60%. This means that for every 100 students who applied, 60 students were admitted, making Regis admissions process competitive. Admissions Statistics (2017-18) Number of Applicants 7,297 Percent Admitted 60% Percent Admitted who Enrolled (Yield) 12% SAT Scores and Requirements Regis University requires that all applicants submit either SAT or ACT scores. During the 2017-18 admissions cycle, 71% of admitted students submitted SAT scores. SAT Range (Admitted Students) Section 25th Percentile 75th Percentile ERW 530 620 Math 520 610 ERW=Evidence-Based Reading and Writing This admissions data tells us that most of Regis admitted students fall within the top 35% nationally on the SAT. For the evidence-based reading and writing section, 50% of students admitted to Regis scored between 530 and 620, while 25% scored below 530 and 25% scored above 620. On the math section, 50% of admitted students scored between 520 and 610, while 25% scored below 520 and 25% scored above 610. Applicants with a composite SAT score of 1230 or higher will have particularly competitive chances at Regis University. Requirements Regis University does not require the SAT writing section or SAT Subject tests. Note that Regis participates in the scorechoice program, which means that the admissions office will consider your highest score from each individual section across all SAT test dates. ACT Scores and Requirements Regis requires that all applicants submit either SAT or ACT scores. During the 2017-18 admissions cycle, 46% of admitted students submitted ACT scores. ACT Range (Admitted Students) Section 25th Percentile 75th Percentile English 21 27 Math 19 26 Composite 21 27 This admissions data tells us that most of Regis admitted students fall within the top 42% nationally on the ACT. The middle 50% of students admitted to Regis received a composite ACT score between 21 and 27, while 25% scored above 27 and 25% scored below 21. Requirements Regis University does not require the ACT writing section. Unlike many universities, Regis superscores ACT results; your highest subscores from multiple ACT sittings will be considered. GPA In 2018, the average high school GPA of Regis Universitys incoming freshmen class was 3.57, and over 60% of incoming students had average GPAs of 3.5 and above. These results suggest that most successful applicants to Regis University have primarily high B grades. Self-Reported GPA/SAT/ACT Graph Regis University Applicants Self-Reported GPA/SAT/ACT Graph. Data courtesy of Cappex. The admissions data in the graph is self-reported by applicants to Regis University. GPAs are unweighted. Find out how you compare to accepted students, see the real-time graph, and calculate your chances of getting in with a free Cappex account. Admissions Chances Regis University, which accepts over half of applicants, has a competitive admissions pool with above average GPAs and SAT/ACT scores. However, Regis has a  holistic admissions  process involving other factors beyond your grades and test scores. A  strong application  essay  and  a glowing letter of recommendation  can strengthen your application, as can participation in  meaningful extracurricular activities  and a  rigorous course schedule. Applicants are encouraged to visit and tour campus. Students with particularly compelling stories or achievements can still receive serious consideration even if their test scores are outside Regis Universitys average range. In the graph above, the green and blue dots represent admitted students. Most had SAT scores (ERWM) of 950 or higher, ACT composite scores of 18 or higher, and a high school GPA of B- or better. A significant number of successful applicants had grades in the A range. If You Like Regis University, You May Also Like These Schools University of Colorado  UC Colorado Springs   UC Denver  University of Denver  Colorado School of the Mines All admissions data has been sourced from the National Center for Education Statistics and Regis University Undergraduate Admissions Office.

Environmental Science I Syllabus Free Essays

Respect the learning and safety of others: Be punctual. Be safe. Be thoughtful. We will write a custom essay sample on Environmental Science I Syllabus or any similar topic only for you Order Now Exploration of science through trial and error and testing hypotheses will be fostered in this class, so an environment of respect and safety is key. Treat others the way you want to be treated, with thoughtfulness and courtesy. Be prompt: early or on time. No one’s time is more important that the next person. We must use the time we have to learn together wisely. Respect every member of the classroom’s personal space, belongings, and ideas. All students are to take care of the materials and lab environment created in our class. Leave it as it was when you got there or in better condition. Derogatory comments (including profanity) will not be tolerated. Science is learned through experiment, so you will be taught and tested over the safety of our science lab space, to ensure safety. You are expected to follow these science lab procedures and policies. O Note: Due to safety considerations, all bags and belongings will be placed in the teacher-designated area. This will be strictly enforced for our safety. 2. Strive for excellence each day. Be prepared. Be engaged. Be responsible. Do your best! Perfection is not attainable, but if we chase perfection we can catch excellence. † Vince Lombardi Everyone must be prepared, so we do not waste time. Have your all your materials for class with you in your seat when the bell rings. Actively participate and engage in class activities and discussions. Always do your best work. I expect quality in every assignment, no matter how small or large. Students are responsi ble for assignment due dates, Late Work Policy, and Make-up Work Policy on next page. Students are expected to follow all Little Rock School District policies, which are See Ms. Thompson Rituals and Procedures document for specific daily classroom rituals. Consequences for Poor Decisions: All decisions in life have equal consequences. Below are the disciplinary steps taken if you choose to not follow the classroom expectations, rituals, and procedures. 1. Verbal Warning 2. Parent Phone Call 3. Referral to Assistant Principal 4. Referral with SIS Recommendation 5. Referral with ZOOS Recommendation Parent Conference The teacher reserves the right to send any student out of the classroom or to the office on referral for extremely disruptive, inappropriate, or severe behavior. Under no circumstance should the teacher have to ask a student to leave the classroom more than once. Absences and Make-up Work: All absent students will be allowed to make up work. This is the responsibility of the student, not the teacher. The student is responsible for work assigned prior to his or her absence. Announced deadlines for long-term assignments, projects, and/or research papers must be honored regardless of attendance. Family emergencies are the only exception to this rule. Tests must be made up the day of your return to lass. See the USSR regarding this policy. Students will need to retrieve their make- up work from a responsible classmate and our online Gaggle classroom where all assignments and notes are posted. Late Work: Any minor assignment can be turned in within one day of the original due date for half credit. It will not be accepted after that time. You are expected to meet all class deadlines. Students must sign the â€Å"Late Work† log if they fail to meet the announced deadline. Food and Drink: Students are allowed to have drinks with lids. However, this is a privilege that will be lab days. Communication and Extra Help: I want you to succeed, and I believe that you can. If you ever meet an obstacle on your path to success, please feel free to visit for extra help in the morning before school or after school. I am always available by email (Meghan. thompson@lrsd. Org) to assist you or your parents however I can. Please do not wait until the end of the nine weeks to seek help if you are having trouble. This will be too late to get you back on track to succeed. Deadline is a great way for both your family and you to keep up with your grades, use it frequently. Let’s work together to make it the best year we can! How to cite Environmental Science I Syllabus, Papers

Operating System Security

Question: Discuss about operating system authentication strategies, attack strategies and techniques and security measures techniques? Answer: Introduction A computer system comprises of hardware, software and processes that is a kind of abstraction of a real business or process model that exists in the world. These systems are used by humans that belong to a system that is outside this computer system. Thus, computer systems use an abstract concept to identify them and they are presented as a user account. This user account acts as an object that has multiple attributes ranging from a login ID to security identifier. Security involves prevention of unauthorized people or entities from accessing systems. It is established to maintain the confidentiality of data, integrity of the same and assuring timely availability of information to authorized people or entities. Background The operating systems play a crucial role in any network as it interacts with multiple devices and machines over a network such that it allocates resources for performing all operations involving these devices as well as involving internal system. These resources include CPU, drive memory, communication ports, and drivers and so on. Moreover, all the applications runover an operating system and use its resources and thus, security of operating system is of prime importance to any security breach or issue can affect all applications running on an operating system. Moreover, a break into one application by a hacker can also cause breaches of security in other applications running on the operating system if the operating system is severely affected(Yang, 2003). To understand how a security system can protect unauthorized users from entering an operating system, it would be essential to understand the process of authentication that is used by operating systems. Moreover, there would also be required an understanding of how attacks may happen over an operating system by unauthorized users if security measures have to be taken. Lastly, security measures and techniques can be studied to understand how they stop or prevent attached in the case of real operating system protection. Thus, in this report, the critical analyzes would be followed in a stepwise manner beginning with the understanding of the Authorization strategies used for protection of operating systems, attack techniques used by unauthorized users for penetrating operating system and the strategies that are used for protection by security providers. Critical Analysis Operating System Authentication Strategies Authentication for humans can be based on five criteria that include something they know such as password or PIN, something they have such as token number, something they do such that they can be asked to perform certain actions to be able to authorize themselves, something they are such as biometric identification and where they are by identification of location. Something they know: This method of authentication is very commonly used, and the authentication passwords are easy to guess making the system vulnerable to unauthorized access. Traditionally passwords used plaintext that was very easy to crack but today systems use stored hashed. However, some of the authentication schemes such as challenge and response still need plaintext. A usual hashed authentication process would involve storage of pass word as a function f(PW) where f cannot be inverted. When a user enters a password, PW, f(PW) is calculated and compared for authentication. For prevention of pre-computation attacks, random salt is added while changing password such that the function stored is salt, f(PW,salt). Further, access control systems are used by operating systems to protect these hashed passwords. However, hackers can still run password guessing programs even in case challenge/response approach is used. Something they have: In such cases, a challenge is thrown to the users having secret cryptographic key for specific time and day often in combination with a PIN such that the user can be guarded against loss or theft of confidential data. Something they do: The users are asked to perform an action that can be used to identify them as humans to ensure that is not the malicious code trying to spoof in the system. User of two-factor authentication, captcha, one-time password generation are some of the examples of such approaches. Something they are: Biometric identification methods such as Fingerprint readers and iris scans work best when they are stored locally as otherwise they can face scenarios of false positive or false negative and user can become a victim of spoofing attacks. Somewhere they are: A user can be identified as per the location such that if the location from where user logs into a system is other than the usual location, the login attempts can either be prevented, or user can be warned about possible attacks such as done in cases of email accounts such as provided by Google. Attack Strategies and Techniques There can be several types of attack strategies that can be used for penetrating operating systems. Trojan horses, login spoofing and use of buggy software are some of the very common techniques used by attackers. Trojan Horses: Trojan horses trick users to run programs that have obnoxious codes. These programs may include viruses and worms, and when they are run by a users, they can change file permissions. Login Spoofing: In login spoofing, a fake prompt asking for credentials and if the same are entered, ID and passwords can be obtained by hackers from users. Computer Virus: It is a program containing malicious code that has the capability to copy itself in a system without permission using deception strategies such as overwriting of genuine files, acting companion to an EXE file, appending code to EXE files such as done by Vienna virus, insertion of malicious code at the start of a program, filling code into an empty space without affecting original program such as done by Lehigh virus, compression of host content such as done by Whales virus, boot sector virus, macro virus running on specific applications such as Microsoft Word, and so on. Security Measures techniques There are several security measures taken, and many of these are targeted to prevent specific types of attacks. For instance, to protect a Trojan Horse program to affect an operating system, operating systems provide Sandboxes, which is an environment in which a program can be executed without affecting rest of the machine that is used. Another trick is having a very limited interaction with the operating system and the outside world, but it can be very difficult to follow in many cases. For preventing login spoofing, trusted paths are used with a user initiated sequence that can guarantee that right operating system is reached out. Military Classification Model Blocking executable is another strategy that is commonly used for preventing unauthorized software runs. However, this causes issues when one tries to run executable files for fixing bugs. In such cases, certified systems make use of Military Classification Model, which define security levels such that every document can be classified as belonging to a certain level with each level being given a set of clearances. One can view only those documents that have these clearances. These classifications identify documents as confidential, secret, top secret and can compartmentalize the same into Crypto, Subs or NoForns. Clearances have to be obtained for each compartment to be able to view files. Systems using such classification schemes for documents security are called multi-level security systems(CS, 2015). Discretionary Access Control As per US government, Trusted Computer System Evaluation Criteria is used for operating system security assurance which requires operating systems to use Discretionary Access Control (DAC). This to some extent provides protection to the system in a time-sharing environment or in case of multi-tasking thereby protecting operating system mainstream. However, this does not guarantee protection of individual applications that run on the operating system. A B Class level of security is mandatory in the case of use of Mandatory Access Control (MAC), but the benefit of the same cannot be drawn upon in the systems using DAC efficiently. Preventive Measures In 2009, an investigation was done by DSD on targeted cyber intrusions and with the preventive mechanisms studied, in 2010, Australian Defense Signals Doctorate (DSD) list was published with 35 mitigation strategies identified, out of which top key measures of prevention including patch updating of operating system, patching of third-party applications, restricting of admin privileges to regular users, and use of only white-listed applications. When white-listing is implemented, it makes it difficult for the intruder to compromise a communication and information system as it ensures that only authorized applications are allowed to run on a system thereby preventing applications with malicious codes from running. Before operating system security can be established and patches are properly upgraded as required, risks have to be assessed, and a system deployment plan has to be created. System security planning process may be used for preventing operating systems. A proper planning proce ss may be used for ensuring complete safety through identification of critical content to be secured, use of network protection mechanisms and use of appropriate processes for maintenance of the operating system security(Australian Government, 2012). The first step in securing a system as used by major organizations or security officials is system hardening which involves installation of operating system and its patches. Further, operating system would be hardened and configured. Further additional security controls such as firewalls, anti-virus and intrusion detection systems can be installed for further hardening of security of operating system. Initially, there were various detection systems used for identifying patterns of virus activities such as string scan, mismatch detection, wildcards, bookmarking, smart scan, skeleton detection, specific virus detection and heuristics. However, only the use of security systems is not sufficient unless they are tested for their capability to address security needs of an operating system. Moreover, detection methods can only be useful in the cases of known viruses such that they are required to be frequently updated to remain effective for new cases of attacks. Also, detection of metamorp hic viruses that know antivirus loopholes can be difficult to detect by static and dynamic techniques of anomaly detection and thus new approaches are required to be explored(Daoud, Jebril, Zaqaibeh, 2008). Encryption Technology Encryption is used for securing data that is in transit and to be able to use encryption on data; appropriate cryptographic keys have to be created, signed, secured and configured. In case of IPSec and TLS, appropriate private keys are also generated, and if SSH is used then server and client keys are created. Security Maintenance Security establishment is the first step but it is not sufficient to keep operating system secure in the long run for which security is also required to be maintained for the system for which certain mechanism may be used such as monitoring and analysis of logging information, regular backups, security recovery, security system testing, and use of maintenance through patches and updates for monitoring and revision of configuration. Process Homeostasis Modern computer systems face several challenges including data loss, server hacking, system crashes and so on. Most of these issues result from the abnormal behavior of systems or program. Homeostasis is a technique used by Linux 2.2 kernel that can be used for detection of unusual behavior of a program through the study of short sequences of system calls. Unusual behavior can be in the form of system slow down and delays. Unusual program behavior can lead to set of symptoms such as data corruption, security isolation, crashes, but there are no inbuilt in mechanisms in an operating system that can respond to such anomalies and thus, for this a system called pH or Process Homeostasis based on the structure of biological system have been tested. There is a rise in complexities with increasing data shared through internet and network connections leading to additional and new security issues making systems vulnerable to crashes. Unlike an isolated system, a networked system cannot remain consistent over time but changes frequently. Thus, monitoring and keeping track of activities happening in an operating system that is connected to the network can be crucial for understanding and identifying vulnerabilities and attacks. In such cases, a program is used for identifying legal behavior as well as unusual events that result into issues such as communication failures and invalidation of data with rarely used codes getting executed. In this approach, detectors are developed for recognizing explicit behavior or a program through data streams scanning such that attack signatures can be identified. However, this approach also has its limitations as it is difficult to identify all types of behavior when a program can malfunction. Also, such programs are required to be regularly upgraded to be able to detect new anomalies. Detection and learning of unusual and normal program behavior can enhance the security of an operating system. In homeostasis, several types of detectors and effectors are used for creating a stable environment of an operating system. Conclusion The paper discussed various security and control measures that could be used for attaining and maintaining security for an operating system. It was found that to have an efficient security system; a proper security planning process can be used beginning with operating system hardening which involves upgrading of system and installation of patches followed by installation of additional security measures such as firewall systems, intrusion detection, and anti-virus applications. Moreover, some innovative and new techniques like homeostasis can also be used for prevention of attacks on operating systems. The choice of appropriate method would not be possible without the study of actual system and the content that needs to be protected as well as the programs or applications that would be run on the system. References Australian Government. (2012). Top four mitigation strategies to protect your ICT system. Australian Government. Bosworth, S. and Kabay, M. (2002).Computer security handbook. New York: John Wiley Sons. (2015). Security and Operating Systems. Columbia: CS. Daoud, E. A., Jebril, I. H., Zaqaibeh, B. (2008). Computer Virus Strategies and Detection Methods. Int. J. Open Problems Compt. Math , 29-36. Finzel, T. (1992). Trends in Operating System Security.Information Systems Security, 1(1), pp.50-57. Franklin, I. (2001). Securing the Operating System.Network Security, 2001(5), pp.12-13. Franklin, I. (2001). Securing the Operating System.Network Security, 2001(5), pp.12-13. Hopkins, P. (2015). Operating System Security.Engineering Technology Reference. Irtegov, D. (2003).Operating system fundamentals. Hingham, Mass.: Charles River Media. Ning, P., Xu, D. (2003). Learning Attack Strategies from Intrusion Alerts. Raleigh, NC: North Carolina State University. Post, G. (1987). Improving operating system security.Computers Security, 6(5), pp.417-425. Silberschatz, A., Galvin, P. and Gagne, G. (2005).Operating system concepts. Hoboken, NJ: J. Wiley Sons. Vacca, J. (2014).Network and system security. Amsterdam: Syngress. Yang, C.-Q. (2003). Global Information Assurance Certification Paper. SANS Institute.

History of Slavery Constitution in US

The United States Constitution that was created on September 17, 1787, during the Constitution Convention was strongly a pro-slavery document. The framers of the constitution did not tackle clearly the issue of slavery and they were compelled to make a temporary compromise in order to unite the states in the country.Advertising We will write a custom term paper sample on History of Slavery Constitution in US specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Although the framers of the document knew that there was a problem appertaining to allowing slavery to thrive, their hands were tied as they were concentrating on a bigger problem of forming a new united country. Thus, they were rather vague on the matter and did not deliberate upon it deeply. As a result, until the passage of the Thirteenth Amendment of the United States Constitution, the 1787 constitution was pro slavery by both ‘intention and effect.’ In the 1787 U.S. Constituti on, there is no mention of the word slavery. However, in the eighty-four clauses of the legal document passed at the Constitutional Convention, six are in fact unswervingly related to the issue of slavery that was being practiced in the United States during the eighteenth century. In addition, five others had inferences to slavery that were discussed during the historic Constitutional Convention. The heart of the supporting nature of the 1787 U.S. Constitution in regards to slavery is found Article 1, Section 2, Paragraph 3. It states â€Å"representatives and direct Taxes shall be apportioned among the several States which may be included within this Union, according to their respective Numbers, which shall be determined by adding to the whole Number of free Persons, including those bound to Service for a Term of Years, and excluding Indians not taxed, three fifths of all other Persons† (Gales and Seaton, 1310). Intentionally, the framers of the constitution ignored the pern icious â€Å"S† word in this clause. Consequently, this gave the slaveholding states a reason to rejoice as their power and influence would be enhanced according to the increase in number of slaves they owned. This was the situation since the clause was concerned with the number of representatives elected to congress; that is, if two states had the same number of free persons but one had slaves, then the state with slaves would inevitably get more representatives and thus more political power. Since the slaveholding states were given more political power based on the number of slaves they had, this gave them the incentive to enslave more people.Advertising Looking for term paper on history? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Article I section 9 propagated the business of trading in slaves. This is because it denied Congress the power to stop the business for twenty years from the time it was passed into law. It states, â⠂¬Å"The migration or importation of such persons as any of the states now existing shall think proper to admit shall not be prohibited by the congress prior to the year one thousand eight hundred and eight, but a tax or duty maybe imposed on such importation, not exceeding ten dollars for each person† (Gales and Seaton, 1310). The word person(s) in the clause is used in reference to the slaves who were taken from different parts of the world into the United States. Article IV works in association with the idea of depriving Congress the power to stop slave trade by providing the rare protection of making the amendment of the idea a near impossibility. In Slavery’s Constitution, historian David Waldstreicher argues that the Constitutional Convention of 1787 accommodated the practice of slavery in the U.S. Waldstreicher gives an analysis on how the makers of the Constitution debated, bargained, and wrestled over the issue of slavery at the Constitutional Convention. He not es that their efforts to reach a compromise on the issue gave rise to two different aspects of the politics of slavery that were intended to perpetuate it (Waldstreicher, 1). These are slavery as a type of authority over some particular individuals and as an economic institution. In reference to the famous three-fifths clause, Waldstreicher maintains that â€Å"all the other persons† in the phrase refers to slaves and this allotment was meant to increase the influence of the slave-owners. To further support that the Constitutional Convention accommodated slavery, he observes that the debate to pass the legal document with the clauses supporting slavery was not condemned by the delegates from the Deep South. He adds that the lack of discussions on the issue in some states, such as North Carolina, South Carolina and Georgia, were an effort to accommodate the Constitution. These states seemed satisfied with the insufficiency pro-slavery Constitution that the Convention had formu lated. During the making of the Constitution, there was divided opinion between the supporters and opponents on the issue of slavery. As aforementioned, based on the three-fifths compromise, the supporters of slavery wanted to maintain their power and influence in the country because they could send more representatives to Congress and fail to remit direct taxes as desired. In addition, the slaveholders were looking at slaves as the biggest factor of production. They offered free labor and the people who had huge plantations greatly reduced their cost of production. Because of the ‘benefits’ that the slaves provided, the delegates of the Convention never wanted to regulate slavery.Advertising We will write a custom term paper sample on History of Slavery Constitution in US specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More On the other hand, the opponents of slavery argued that one of the principles that led to the establishment of th e United States of America was the notion that â€Å"All men were created equal†; thus, the sanctioning of slavery was hypocritical. Furthermore, they argued that the representation of African Americans as â€Å"three-fifths’ of a person was demeaning to their human condition as everyone is united by the common fabric of humanity. The supporters of Article 1, Section 2, Paragraph 3 argued that the clause is anti-slavery as it gives the states with slaves the opportunity to send more representatives in Congress as compared to the states without slaves. However, the opponents of the clause maintained that slaves were not allowed to vote; thus, the congressional representatives could not represent their interests as they were regarded to be just a form of â€Å"chattel† or property without basic freedoms. James Madison viewed slavery as a ‘necessary evil’ that needed to be eradicated from the United States. In his writings in the Federalist Papers, he enshrined the notion of the Bill of Rights that would accord all the slaves in the country their rights to be treated humanely. As one of the leading delegates of the Convention, he argued that it would not be right to state plainly in the Constitution the â€Å"idea that there could be property in men†; consequently, the words â€Å"slave† and â€Å"slavery† did not appear there. The pernicious words were replaced with euphemistic terminology in the sections of the Constitution that were tackling the issue of the slavery system. In the Federalist papers he authored, Madison explained that the institution of slavery was wrong and regrettable as it oppressed innocent victims, undermined the moral integrity of the slaves, bred contempt for honest labor, and encouraged idle masters to indulge in their worst passions so as to practice tyranny. Madison particularly tackles the issue in Federalist Paper No. 38 in which he says: â€Å"The existing Congress, without a ny such control, can make treaties which they themselves have declared, and most of the States have recognized, to be the supreme law of the land. Is the importation of slaves permitted by the new Constitution for twenty years? By the old it is permitted forever† (Madison, para.9). On the other hand, Waldstreicher attacked the views of Madison concerning slavery because he demonstrated mixed opinion on the issue. Waldstreicher points out that like most of the southern delegates to the Convention, Madison was a slaveholder; thus, his views on what was referred to as â€Å"peculiar institution† of slavery were deeply conflicting. As much as deep down he knew that the practice was evil, Madison did not see how the economy of the South could grow without the much-needed labor from the slaves.Advertising Looking for term paper on history? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Waldstreicher points out that Madison could not envision how whites and blacks could possibly live together; therefore, he proposed for the establishment of a different black settlement in a different place from the U.S. Nonetheless, despite their differences on the issue of slavery, Waldstreicher and Madison wanted slavery to be abolished completely from the U.S. Worth mentioning in this perspective, Madison proposed for the adoption of the Bill of Rights that eventually led to the abolition of slavery. In conclusion, it is evident that the 1787 Constitution was proslavery. On drafting the document, the delegates had the opportunity to put an end to the practice of slavery and accord the blacks full citizenship under the new Constitution. However, the delegates threw cards on the table and compromised to protect the slaveholders. Thus, for about twenty years, the blacks were denied their rights as they were supposed to provide free labor for the growth of the economy of the young n ation. Works Cited Gales, Joseph, and Seaton, William W. Register for debated in congress,†¦. Washington: United States Congress, 1825-37. Print. Madison, James. â€Å"The Federalist Papers No.38.† US Government Info. The New York Times Company, 2011. Web. Waldstreicher, David. Slavery’s Constitution: From Revolution to Ratification. New York: Hill and Wang; 2009. Print. This term paper on History of Slavery Constitution in US was written and submitted by user Maria Y. to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Klinefelter Syndrome essays

Klinefelter Syndrome essays Doctor Harry Klinefelter and other men that he worked with discovered Klinefelter Syndrome. They published an article about nine men that they saw at a Massachusetts General Hospital who were unlike the men you could see normally on the street. This genetic disorder was of special interest to myself after watching a 20/20â„ ¢ program a few years back that discussed the life of an individual that suffered from Klinefelter Syndrome. Before watching that specific show Klinefelter Syndrome never occurred to me to exist. Now given the opportunity to research a genetic disorder, this one definitely jumped out. Klinefelter Syndrome can happen when a child is born with the genotype of XXY instead of XY. Since the child is born with an extra chromosome that determines its gender the chromosome that is affected it the 23rd one. The normal genotype for a female is XX while the normal genotype for a male is XY. Since the individual still has a Y chromosome they are still technically male, but with a hormonal imbalance. About one out of every 500 to 800 males is born with the disorder and approximately 3% of the infertile male population has the syndrome. [pg. 637 GALE] Individuals with Klinefelter Syndrome usually experience social and/or school learning problems, sterility, small breast development and incomplete masculine body build. Testosterone treatment ideally occurs when the male enters puberty. This treatment helps by increasing muscle size and promoting facial hair growth, however it does not help produce sperm and infertility cannot be fixed. There is also a psychological change as the individual can begin to be more self-confident [NICHD]. There are many benefits to this treatment including a decreased need for sleep and a better handle on concentration. Gene therapy is not an option as a treatment for this genetic disorder and there is no cure. Testosterone treatment can help, but it cannot fully ch ...

Rubric for nursing Theorist Teaching project Essay

Rubric for nursing Theorist Teaching project - Essay Example Kolcaba defines several levels of comfort that appear for patients over time. She defines three forms of comfort and four contexts where patients will find comfort. The three levels she defines are â€Å"relief, ease and transcendence† (March &McCormack, 2009, p. 76-77). The first level of comfort, relief, happens when a patient is provided with what they need when they are in pain. The patient will move to the ease level when they find out that not only are they having relief from pain, but this relief is continuing over time because of the way that they have relieved the pain. The patient will move to the transcendence phase, when they are able to move past the challenges they have and life a fulfilling life (Kolcaba, 2011). Kolcaba saw that these phases were appearing in much of the literature she was reading on the subject and she began to formulate her theory. When developing a theory, it is important to know what has come before the theory that one hopes to present (March &McCormack, 2009). Kolcaba began to write about the three levels of comfort that she had identified and realized that there was an important messages to nurses about these stages. As an example, nurses are supposed to be the ones who provide comfort for the patients in a holistic way; her theory looks at the patient in a holistic way by providing comfort on the physical, emotional and psychosocial levels. Her theory recognizes that each individual has their own need for comfort and there are many different interventions that are needed in these situations (Kolcaba and Kolcaba, 1991). According to Kolcaba (2011) there are four dimensions to the theory. The first dimension describes nursing as the process of interviewing the client about their comfort needs. In this phase, the patient is provided with interventions and then the nurses check the patient’s comfort level on a regular basis. The second dimension defines the optimal health of the

Pastry chef jacques torres Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Pastry chef jacques torres - Research Paper Example â€Å"Chef Jacques Torres†). He spent eight years under the guidance of French chef Jacques Maximin at Hotel Negresco. He used to attend the classes during his off time. After completing the classes, he was also trained at Cannes Culinary School. While he was working in the hotel, he had participated in various prestigious food events. He received various honors and awards such as he achieved gold medal from Japanese Pastry Chef Association as well as at French Championship of Desserts (Torres, â€Å"Jacques’ Early Years†). 2.0 Beginning and Earliest Jobs In France, Jacques Torres had worked in a bakery shop named La Frangiapane as a trainer. After completing his training for 2 years as a pastry trainer, he shifted his job in Hotel Negresco which was located at Nice, France. He worked there for 8 years. Subsequently, for a few years he had worked to earn his degree as Master Pastry Chef. In the year 1980, Jacques Torres was encouraged by the prestigious Ritz-Carl ton and motivated himself towards the US, first to Palm Spring followed by Atlanta. After that period he then moved to work as Pastry Chef in the kitchen of Le Cirque restaurant in New York. This was a reputed French restaurant (Culinary Schools. Org. â€Å"World-Class Pastry Chef: Chocolatier Jacques Torres†). He received honor of the Confederation of Japan. He then joined Ritz-Carlton hotels to work as corporate pastry chef. He also trained other chefs across the US. He used to conduct occasional classes of FCI during the year 1993 when he was working in Le Cirque. He taught classes twice a month and managed entire curriculum for improvement (Sailhac, A., â€Å"French Culinary Institute's Salute to Healthy Cooking†). In 1989, he was inveigled to Le Cirque. His regular job in Le Cirque was to serve celebrities, royals, clients and friends along with those who loved his creations. Success had come early for Jacques Torres due to his talent, dedication, and willpower to come up with â€Å"something new, something else, always, always†. It was always an assurance to offer sweet surprises from him. He offered ’champagne truffles’, ‘bars of chocolate’, ‘covered chocolates’, ‘items for weddings and events’, and also ‘Jacques Torres chocolates’ (Torres, â€Å"Great Chefs Jacques Torres†). 3.0 Current Business Jacques Torres was French chocolatier; he has become a well known chocolate entrepreneur after his extensive efforts in his work with restaurant industry. At present, the entrepreneur produces confections from chocolate crunch puffs to Champagne truffles. Nowadays, he makes both chocolate delicacies and produced chocolate from cocoa beans. He has created and sold his own line handcrafted chocolate as well as various others high-end confectionary products to his four factories and retail locations in New York along with retail enterprise in Atlantic City at Harrahâ€⠄¢s Casino (The Sun Winefest ’12, â€Å"About Jacques Torres†). He became owner of his own chocolate shops in the year 2000 by opening a modernized warehouse with a cobble stone street in DUMBO section of Brooklyn. Jacques Torres opened his second location featuring a state-of-the-art chocolate manufacturing plant. In this place, the customers can observe the process of transformation of cocoa bean to chocolate

Nonsom Fermented Fish Rice Biology Essay

Nonsom Fermented Fish Rice Biology Essay Fish is classified according to origin such as seawater fish, shellfish, oily and white fish and freshwater fish. Fish is a rich source of protein and it contains other nutrients such as essential fatty acids, fat soluble vitamins and calcium (Barnett, 1998). In fish, it contains fat soluble vitamin such as vitamin A , D and a number of water soluble vitamin B group. Vitamin A and D are mostly found in the visceral fat, though there are amounts in the flesh for a few species such as lamprey and some species of tuna (Pirie and Swaninathan, 1975). Fish is also low in saturated fatty acids and oily fish in particular is an excellent source of long-chain omega-3 fatty acids with ÃŽÂ ±- linolenic acid( ALA), Eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and cocosahexaenoic acid (DHA) to aid in preventing cardiovascular disease(Brunner, 2008). Fish can be rich source of iodine and some magnesium, calcium and iron are also present. However, fish are more perishable due to the surface slime by a mass of ba cteria covering the fish body and the bacteria resides in the digestive tract. In Malaysia, fish is an important food in the Malaysian diet and besides consuming it as a dish itself it can be used as a condiment in various traditional form such as dried, salted and fermented. 1.2 Fermentation Fermentation is the most conventional method in food processing. It is a desirable process of biochemical modification by microorganisms that bring changes to food and enhance properties such as taste, aroma, shelflife and nutritive value. Through fermentation, the safety of food can be enhanced by removing their natural toxin components or by inhibiting the growth of disease-causing microbes (Adams et. al., 2001). Food fermentation can be classified in several groups which is beverages, cereal products, dairy products, fish products, fruit and vegetable products, legumes and meat products. Fermented foods were developed by many cultures for two main reasons, that is to preserve harvested or slaughtered products which were abundant during those times and are scarce and the other reason is to improve the sensory properties of products that are unappealing. In Southeast Asia, fermentation of fish the most common as fish is a major component in the human diet. Freshwater shellfish ,marine fish and crustaceans are processed with salt to produce various type of fermented fish products. Fish fermentation produces a type of savory flavor from marine products by using both endogenous enzymes in fish and salt tolerant microorganisms in the environment. Fish fermentation is also a method of preserving perishable fish and marine products in a high salt concentration (Lee et al., 1993). Lactic acid fermentation plays a major role in preserving perishable vegetables and fishes, ensuring its safety. The organic acids, mainly lactic acid and acetic acid, produced by lactic acid bacteria are effective antimicrobial agents, and they reduce the pH in the foods to prevent the growth of most hazardous food microorganisms (Lee et al., 1994). 1.3 Nonsom Nonsom or bosou is a traditional fermented fish-rice product made among the among the KadazanDusun-Murut community in Sabah. It is served during festival occasions such as Pesta Keamatan. The ingredients used to make this dish includes fish rice, salt and grinded kernel seed of the Pangium edule. The process of producing nonsom is simple. First the fishes are cleaned thoroughly and salted. Rice is added into the conoction and mixed thoroughly. Dried seed of Pangium edule also known as pangi ,with the content that is scraped out are pounded into a powder form and is then sprinkled onto the conoction to be mixed. The mixture is then transferred into a tightly close jar and kept for one month period before consumption. Nonsom can also be cooked by steaming, fry with onions and chili or be eaten just as it is (Vivienne, 2007). One of the ingredients in nonsom is the seeds of Pangium Edule that are said to be poisonous due to presence of hydrocyanic acid which is toxic Pangi seed can only be consumed after treatments such as boiling and soaking in running water(Davidson and Jaine, 2006 ). These seeds are specialty in Indonesia and have been used as spices. It is claimed that the addition of these seeds into the fermented foods helps in controlling the fermentation process and provide unique flavor to the products. The KadazanDusun community eliminates the poison of pangi by soaking and boiling them in water. They use the powdered seed of pangi as food ingredients in the fermented fish product. This gives a nutty aroma on the fermented fish. The flavor source for spices is due to the dominant amino acids that is present in the fermented seed, which is Glutamic acid (Andarwulan et.al., 1999). 2.0 SIMILAR PRODUCTS WORLDWIDE 2.1 Burong dalag. In the Philippines a fermented rice-fish product which involves lactic acid bacteria is served as appetizer, sauce or main dish (Melchor,2007). Burong isda is a traditional fermented fish product in the phillipines that is similar to narezushi in Japan. Burong isda is produced in white and red form. The red is by addition of angkak which is a culture grown in rice. Burong isda is prepared using freshwater fish that is cleaned thoroughly and mixed with salt overnight before mixing with cooled cooked rice. The mixture is left to ferment for 7 to 10 days in room temperature. There are other kinds of burong isda based on the type of fish used. An example is Burong dalag, a fermented rice-fish mixture using mudfish, Phicephalus striatus (Sanchez, 2008). 2.2 Narezushi Narezushi is a fermented fish product by fermented salted mackerel with boiled rice. It was suggested that narezushi was developed as a mean of fish preservation. In the past half century, marine fishes has been substituted with freshwater fishes due to the drastic decrease of harvest. Aji-no-sushi is another form of Narezushi that is made from horse mackerel (Trachurus japonicas). The mackerel is gutted and put in a barrel that has been salted. It is then drained off and placed in a vat filled with vinegar rice. The salting takes 3 days to 2 months and the desalting phase varied. The fish are stuffed and covered with cooked rice, scattered with a small amount of Japanese pepper leaves or red pepper and pickled in a barrel with the lid that is held closed by stone weights. The fermentation period last from 6 weeks to 1 year, depending on the manufacturer (Kuda et. al., 2009). 2.3 Sikhae Sikhae in Korea is the lactic acid fermentation of seawater fish with cooked millet. The process of producing is similar to other fermented fish-rice products but millet is used instead of rice as it is the common carbohydrate source in the northeastern country. Other ingredients added include minced garlic and red pepper powder. Garlic shows antimicrobial effect on most microorganisms in raw material and the product. It also functions as a selective agent which explains that why lactic acid bacteria is dominant in sikhae fermentation (Lee, 1997). Garlic plays dual role in fermented fish products by inhibiting Gram-negative bacteria and yeasts and providing LAB less sensitive to garlic with a carbohydrate source for growth (Puladan-Muller et.al., 1999) . The fermentation last for 2 to 3 weeks at 20 °C. The pH of Sikhae drops quickly due to the organic acids formed from the millet that provide fermentable sugar for lactobacillus. The product can be stored up to one month at 5 °C after fermentation. The foul fish odor disappears and an acceptable flavor is formed during the fermentation process (Lee et.al, 1993). Leuconostoc mesenteroides   and Lactobacillus plantarum   are the lactic acids involved in the fermentation of Sikhae. The role of these acid forming bacteria for the preservation of fish is apparent, but a more important factor is their ability to produce acceptable flavor during the fermentation process. 2.4 Plaa-som. Plaa-som is a Thai fermented fish produced according to family or local geographic preferences, especially in the central, northeastern and northern parts of Thailand. The fermented fish product is composed of freshwater salt, boiled rice or cooked rice and garlic. In Southern Thailand, another local variety of plaa-som is produced. Palm syrup are used to replace garlic and boiled rice, and from time to time by roasted rice resulting in the resembles of another type of fermented Thai fish known as plaa-uan (Paludan Muller et. al., 2002). In processing of plaa-som, all ingredients are mixed and left to ferment at ambient temperature (25-30  °C) for 3-5 days in a covered-lid cooking pot. The fermentation spontaneously occur due to the presence of microflora , mainly lactic acid bacteria that is found in raw materials. Appropriate conditions are important in order for the complete fermentation by lactic acid bacteria. For example the presence of carbohydrate and antimicrobial substanc es containing ingredients like salt and garlic (Kopermsub and Yunchalard, 2008). Garlic is believed to act as an antimicrobial agent against certain gram negative bacteria and stimulating the growth of lactic acid bacteria(Paludan-Muller et. al, 1999). 2.5 Pekasam Another similar product to nomsom is pekasam that is localized in the state of Kedah, Perak and Kelantan of Peninsular Malaysia. Pekasam is made from fermented freshwater fish that is mixed with ingredients such as roasted rice, tamarind and salt. It is prepard by thorough cleaning of the fish and salted overnight with 20-50 per cent of salt. Then the fish are drained before mixing 50 per cent of roasted rice powder and some tamarind. The mixture is packed into an earthenware container in layers and allowed to ferment for 2 to 4 weeks. After fermentation, the fish is consumed deep fried or made into a side dish( Lee et.al., 1993). The table below shows the composition of pekasam and the composition may vary slightly depending on the type of fish use and method practiced. Table 1. Composition of pekasam. Composition Approximate range pH 4.5 6.1 Lactic acid (%) 0.1-0.4 Salt (%) 10.0-16.0 Moisture (%) 57.0-73.0 Protein(%) 15.0- 25.0 Fat (%) 3.0-8.0 Ash (%) 6.0-14.0 Souce Zaiton (1980) During fermentation process, lactic acid bacteria lowers the pH and preserves the product. The presence of the organic acid also contribute to the flavor of the product. The formation of acid combined with the addition of salt eliminate proteolytic and putrefying microorganisms. The carbohydrate source that supports the growth of lactobacilli comes from the roasted rice powder which also aid in masking the fishy odor and colour development of the final product. There is also some breakdown of the fish protein by autolysis to peptides and amines. These compounds together with acids and products formed by microbial fermentation give rise to typical flavor and odor of the pekasam (Lee et.al., 1993; Kuda et.al., 2009). 3.0 WHAT WERE DONE IN THE PAST. Currently there are hardly any studies on the local indigenous fermented fish-rice products of Malaysia such as nonsom. The only studies made so far are the effect of Pangium edule seed in the production of fermented fish by Ajik (1999) and the nutritional content and physiochemical analysis of fermented fish of different species from different areas in Sabah by Joanis (2002). The study done by Joanis (2002) found that nonsom from Tamparuli using Tilapia mossambica contained the highest nutrient and mineral content. Most of the studies were carried out on the seed extract of Pangium edule whereby antioxidant activity were associated with mobilization of lipids and phenolic compound during fermentation (Andarwulan et.al., 1999). According to (Chye and Sim, 2009) report, there is a strong relationship between the phenolic compound of the seed extracts with the antioxidative and antibacterial activities. It was concluded that the phenolic extracts possess good antioxidant and antimicrob ial activities which could be a promising source of natural preservative and be used in pharmaceutical industry. On the other hand, pekasam which is a similar product of nonsom has already been studied on the fermentation process and fast fermentation method has been introduced whereby the product can be ready in 2 to 3 weeks (Che Rohani Bt.Awang, 2001). In other previous work, there were studies done on the microflora and chemical changes in fermented fish products during fermentation. It is found that lactic acid bacteria are the dominant microorganisms involved in the fermentation of fish-rice products such as Plaa-rom, Narezushi, Burong isda, sikhae and in our local indigenous fermented food of Pekasam and Nonsom. The lactic acid bacteria involved for each type of fermented products are listed in the table below. The role of lactic acid bacteria is to ferment available carbohydrates which lead to a decrease in pH that inhibits pathogenic and spoilage bacteria. The combination of low pH and organic acids present is the main factors that preserve fermented fish products (Paludan-Muller et. al., 2002). Table 2 : Type of lactic acid bacteria found in fermented fish-rice product. Country Name of fermented product Findings Journal resource Thailand Plaa-som Parallel growth of yeast and LAB was found. Pediococcus pentosaceus and Zygosaccharomyces rouxii are the predominant lactic acid bacteria and yeast species respectively. Lactic acid bacteria initiates fermentation followed by alcoholic fermentation by Zygosaccharomyces rouxii. Paludan-Muller et.al., 2002 Japan Aji-no-susu It is reported to be a typical traditional lactic acid fermented fish product and the lactic acid concentration was very high as compared to other narezushi products. The predominant bacterial groups were lactobacilli and lactococci. Kuda et.al., 2009 Korea Sikhae Leuconostoc mesenteroides   and Lactobacillus plantarum   are the lactic acids involved in the fermentation of Sikhae Lee et.al.,1997 Phillippines Burong dalag The fermentation is initiated by Leuconostoc mesenteroids and Streptococcus faecalis then followed by Pediococcus cerevisiae and finally Lactobacillus plantarum. Orillo and Pederson, 1968 Besides that, reports on different salt concentrations, presence of amino acids and organic acids and also source of carbohydrates influenced the fermentation process of fermented fish-rice products. In fermentation with salt, the high salt content retards microbial growth, hydrolysis of the fish protein is thought to occur by natural tissue enzymes, cathepsins. For low salt products, halotolerant populations consisting of gram-positive organisms will prevail. I- sushi which is fermented by various strains of lactobacillus has been associated with food poisoning outbreaks from toxin production by C. botulinum type E. (Downes and Ito, 2001). However, different fermented fish products have different salt concentration requirement. The sufficient amount of salt in fermentation is important as it influence the microbial growth and the rate of fermentation which also affects the sensory quality and safety of the product. Padulan-Muller et. al.(2002) studied on the growth of microflora wit h different concentration of salt in Plaa-som, a Thai fermented fish product. It is found that in high salt concentration of plaa-som, the growth of lactic acid bacteria was inhibited and this delayed the fermentation process. This increase the risk of growth for salt-tolerant potentially pathogenic bacteria, example Staphylococcus aureus (Paludan-Muller, 1999).Thus, 6-7% of salt concentration is recommended for Plaa-som to facilitate the growth of LAB and rapid decrease of pH to below 4.5. However, different fermented fish products have different salt concentration requirement. Aside from salt, the taste of fermented fish-rice product is enhanced during fermentation due to the presence of organic acids and amino acids. According to (Itou et. al., 2006) research, it is reported that the marked increase of the extractive components and organic acids is thought to contribute to the umami taste and the sour taste of narezushi. The extractive components such as free amino acids and peptides increased remarkably because of the decomposition of proteins in fish. As for the organic acid, it increased rapidly due to the fermentation of rice and permeation into the fish meat. Same goes the taste of Aji-no-susu where the predominant amino acids of alanine, lysine,leucine,glutamic acid and theronince were found and are important in providing the taste of fermented fish products (Kuda et.al., 2009). Fish contains little carbohydrate and thus rice or millet that is used mainly functions as a carbohydrate source for fermentation by LAB for the reduction of pH in products without indigeneous starter culture. Rice is an important source of carbohydrate to provide fermentable sugar for lactic acid bacteria in the reduction of pH. High buffering capacity of the fish is also reduced by the rice in order to obtain a rapid decrease of pH.The decrease of pH inhibits pathogenic and spoilage bacteria thus preserve the fermented fish. The starch from rice are hydrolyzed by the amylolytic activity found in lactic acid bacteria by which is reported (Olympia et.al., 1995.) that lactic acid bacteria strains isolated from burong isda hydrolyzes soluble starch, amylopectin, glycogen and pullulan. Addition of salt and spices such as garlic or pepper may add to the safety of the product. In another study (Paludan-Muller, 1999) describes the role of garlic that serves as carbohydrate source for lacti c acid bacteria in fermented fish product. In garlic, a garlic fermenting Lb. Plantarum strain was found . This indicated that garlic may be more important than rice starch as a carbohydrate source for fermentation. Moreover, garlic play dual role in fermented fish by inhibiting gram negative bacteria and yeasts and acts as a carbohydrate source for growth of lactic acid bacteria. The traditional method of fermented fish product was based on spontaneous fermentation or by the use of indigenous starter culture. The starter culture serves as a source of a variety of enzyme including amylolytic enzymes. Based on a study (Olympia et. al., 1995) it was found that in strains of L. plantarum contains the L137-amylase enzyme that hydrolyzes both ÃŽÂ ±-1,4 and ÃŽÂ ± -1,6-glucosidic linkages in polysaccharides. The enzyme degrades the starch to fermentable carbohydrates for the growth of lactic acid bacteria in the fermentation process. Recently there has been studies that mentioned the fermentation process could be improved by using a mixed starter culture. In the fish sauce fermentation a report from Yongsawatdigul et al. (2007) found that strain of Staphylococcus sp. SK1-1-5 from proteinases and bacterial starter culture has the potential to be utilized as it can accelerate the fermentation without having great effect on the sensory qualities of the fish sauce. Another research by Saithong et.al (2010) examined the use of lactic acid bacteria as potential started cultures of plaa-som. The scientists discovered that plaa-som inoculated with the mixed starter culture were found to contain higher amounts of lactic acid after 24 h than plaa-som inoculated with single starter culture. This indicated the possible advantage of increased product safety and quality in addition to reduction in fermentation time. Moreover, the combination L. plantarum IFRPD P15 and L. reuteri IFRPD P17 starter cultures could also inhibit th e growth of clostridia during plaa-som. As a conclusion, L. plantarum and L. reuteri have great potential to be used as starter cultures in plaa-som and may possibly reduce fermentation time. 4.0 CHALLENGES The indigenous fermented fish-rice products are mostly produced in household or small factory scale with limited processes to control and ensure the safety and quality of the product. Like other fermented products, it is easily contaminated due to the presence of other harmful microorganisms. Contamination can occur due to exposure to microorganisms from the environment during harvesting, processing, storage and distribution. Besides that, improper food handling and lack of good hygiene practices increases the risk of microbial contamination. For example, fish that is not eviscerated prior to fermentation process are prone to spoilage since the raw materials are not cooked. Nearly all fish bourne botulism outbreaks are associated with the consumption of salted-dried or fermented fish that is consumed without further cooking. Clostridium sp has been reported to contaminate izushi, a fermented preserved fish with rice in Japan (Downes and Ito, 2001). Likewise in the Philippines, Staphylococcus aureus and Clostridium sp. which has been isolated from bakasang indicated that practice of hygiene during production was poor ( Salampessy et.al.,2010).The resultant from pathogenic microflora present in the food include negative effects such as spoilage, where the food is unfit for human consumption or risk of health by infectious or toxigenic microorganisms being present. Proteolytic bacteria such as Staphylococcus aureus and Clostridium botulinum cause microbiological hazards in fermented fish as both of these microorganisms are associated with salt and raw fish used in the processing. Insufficient level of salt concentration also leads to growth of pathogenic m icroorganisms in fermented fish products. At higher salt concentration there is a risk for growth of Staphylococcus aureus and Clostridium botulinum type A and B. Besides that, the producers of the fermented fish-rice products are not well educated on importance of proper handling and maintaining good hygiene practice to avoid cross-contamination during fermentation process of the product. They are also not well aware of the undesirable changes on the fermented food may occur during processing and repackaging of the product. Knowledge on the microflora which are involved in the fermentation process of the fermented fish-rice products are limited. 5.0 THE EMERGING NEED OF RESEARCH Currently there are no studies done on the nutritional composition of certain indigenous fermented fish-rice products such as nonsom. Moreover, there is no standardization in the addition of salt concentration since nonsom made from different areas of Sabah are based on personal preferences. Thus, the final product of this fermented fish-rice based product may contain excessive addition of salt. In addition, higher percentage of salt concentration was found to have a slow or no decrease in pH, whereas a rapid decrease of pH was found in low salt concentration (Paludan-Muller et al., 2002). However, Pekasam which is a similar product to nonsoom has already been standardized in Malaysian Food Act 1985 whereby it must not contain less than 10% salt. Because of this, more research on this indigenous fermented product needs to be carried out for the standardization and safety of the product produced. Next is the need of improving knowledge base. Other fermented food such as cheese, bread , beer and wine are well known and well developed. However for indigenous fermented fish-rice products, the knowledge is poor. Therefore, to have a broader spectrum of understanding these indigenous fermented products, microbiological, nutritional and technical investigation should be carried out on each process. The isolation and characterization of each organism should be determined and should not narrowed to only the dominant organisms as other organisms in small numbers may contain important function in the process. Understanding the roles of the microorganisms in these fermented products is important as they largely control the qualities of the fermented products. Also, more research needs to be done on various fermented fish-rice products to accelerate the fermentation time by using mixed starter culture instead of depending on traditional spontaneous fermentation to produce the fermented products. Researches on starter cultures by lactic acid bacteria or commercial proteinase with bacterial starter culture showed that there are great potential for the use of these starter cultures in accelerating fermentation of fish products (Yongsawatdigul et. al.,2007; Saithong et.al.,2010). Thus, more research has to be made on the use of these starter cultures to other fermented fish-rice products to accelerate the fermentation time and without adversely affecting the sensory quality. 6.0 STRATEGIC FOR CONTINOUS IMPROVEMENT. The production indigenous fermented fish-rice product of nonsom has the potential to expand and commercialized as more people are consuming the fermented food and the taste is acceptable. However, the process of fermented fish-rice products are done using traditional method so a more organized and specific method is required to upgrade the way of processing the fermented product. For small scale industries that produce fermented fish-rice products, implementation of quality control of the processing and distribution is required based on Hazard Analysis Critical Control Point principles. New practices can be added for improvement in Good Manufacturing Practices. Good practices in certain steps and identifying the possible critical control points for example lactic acid bacteria counts, pH and the length of maturation stage, for better production and higher safety standards. Food handlers should also be educated in line with on (HACCP) for controlling safety of the product. Besides that, to combat issues on safety of fermented fish-rice products reseraches on the microbial and chemical changes in these indigenous fermented fish-rice products are necessary in order to ensure the safety and improve the quality of the fermented product produced. Findings from research can be used as an indicator for the producers to understand different stages of fermentation process and precautions to be taken to minimize the risk of contamination and maintain quality consistency of the product. Furthermore, a more safe production can be resulted if starter culture are used. The use of starter culture in the fermentation of fermented fish-rice product could increase product safety and quality as there is a rapid growth of lactic acid bacteria and lower pH to a safe level. In addition, fermentation time is also shorten.

Prescription Medical Marijuana

Many different people have different views on the prescription of medical marijuana. Marijuana is a good form of medicine for those who really need it. People think that marijuana should be illegal in their state. Physician recommend this substance to patients with illnesses. In the 1970’s a synthetic version of THC in marijuana. In order to get prescribed marijuana you have to have an illness such as anorexia, anxiety, cancer and many more Some people thought that marijuana should be illegal in there country. Mitt Romney felt that marijuana should be illegal because kids can get hooked on drugs by trying marijuana. He thought it is the pathway to drug usage by our society. He also says that theirs a synthetic version of marijuana for those who really need it. I think that this is a dumb statement because kids can do the things they want and if they choose to do drugs that’s their chose. Mitt Romney gave a speech at a town hall meeting in Bedford, New Hampshire. Mitt Romney said â€Å"Don’t open the doorway to medicinal marijuana†. Some people felt that the dispensaries should be shut down. Los Angeles city council felt that they should shut down all dispensaries. Thy said that its okay for people that really need marijuana as their medicine but now people that don’t really need it are getting it just to smoke marijuana. The city council are saying that anybody is getting their prescription marijuana card even if they don’t really need it. That is true that they wrong people are getting their prescription for the wrong reason but they shouldn’t close down all dispensaries because all those people who really do need it are going to have trouble getting their medicine. Mitchell Englander said â€Å"Los Angeles have experimented with marijuana and has failed†. My perspective on prescription medical marijuana is that people should be allowed to get their medical card because they need the medicine to help them. It is wrong that people get the card for the wrong reason but there are many people that have the card for the right reason and they just want marijuana so they can survive and help them. Marijuana should be legalized because the government would be able to make a lot of money by taxing it because a lot of people are going to buy this crop. In conclusion, marijuana should be legalized for the government to be able to tax and make a very good profit off of it. Their are people that think that it should be illegal and shutdown. Theirs also people that are like me and think that marijuana should be legalized. Everybody has their own reason on why they think marijuana should be illegal or legalized. Marijuana is a good form of medicine for those who need it.

“Without Freedom it is Impossible to Make Moral Choice” Discuss

Kant, a soft determinist, said that in order to make a moral decision we must have freedom. Kant believed that the ability to make moral decisions lay within the existence of freedom; stating that if we are not free to make our own decisions those decisions could not be moral as we were never free to make that decision in the first place. Kant thought that a person could be blamed for an action if they could have acted differently; for example if a person’s family is held at gunpoint and they are forced to open a safe they cannot be blamed as they did not have a choice.If we are to have free will we must have the ability to make a decision that is unhindered; Kant believed that we must have free will if we are to be help morally responsible for our actions, if God did not give us free will then our decisions cannot be considered immoral or moral as we would have had to act in the way we did. Thus we cannot be held responsible; a good moral action cannot be praised as you had n o other option, whilst an immoral action cannot be punished as once again there was no free choice.John Locke who was also a soft determinist as he believed that morality and the ability to make moral decisions developed throughout your lives. Locke believed that the mind was a tabula rosa, a blank slate that is shaped and filled by the person’s life experience and that ultimately creates a person’s morality. However the sensory data that creates this moral framework within the mind is already determined; therefore using Locke’s idea freedom is not required in order to make a moral decision it is the determined experiences you live through that create your morality and result in you making immoral or moral decisions.Another soft determinist was David Hume who believed in a limited form of free will, he ultimately believed that nature was in control of human destiny. That freedom was also subject-based, meaning that you are free to make a moral decision and free to follow through with that action. He went on to argue that determined events create human free will and that each individual is free to respond in their own way to those determined events; the morality of the choice the person makes is down to them.Hume believed that nothing occurred by chance or luck but we do have the free will, even if limited, to make our own decisions A libertarian would state that human’s decisions and actions are strictly uncaused; that no choices we make are determined and that we are completely free to make our own choices, these can either be moral or immoral, thus we are completely responsible. Libertarianism is incompatible with determinism, this is because they believe determinism is incorrect as everyone is free to all act differently in the exact same event, not all of humans would act morally in such an event.Kant would have been against Libertarianism because despite being a compatibilist Kant thought that some actions were determined. Othe rs believe that it is not necessary to be required to accept responsibility for your actions thus there is no need to be free in order to make moral decisions. Hard determinism also covers the problem of free will and moral decision making; one of the most famous hard determinists is Clarence Darrow. Darrow was a defence lawyer who in the trial of Leob and Leopold used hard determinism to suggest that we are not free thus we cannot make moral decisions.In the trial Darrow blamed their actions upon the way the two were brought up thus were predetermined to murder Robert Franks; their upbringing determined how they would make moral decisions in the future. This means that using Darrow’s idea Leob and Leopold did not have free will and thus could not make a moral choice; their predestination meant that they would only make an immoral decision. Ted Honderich was another hard determinist who approached the idea of free will using the physics as his base; using the Aristotelian ide a that nothing occurs without a cause.Honderich believed that events within the universe are determined and humans act in response to those events and are therefore not responsible for their actions. Using this belief one would argue that moral decisions cannot be made as there is no freedom to do so, everything is already determined beforehand. Saint Augustine was a religious determinist who believed that humanity required God’s help to do good; this is granted by God to humans, therefore God determines who will be saved and who will not. This is known as predestination; there irrelevance of our actions whether moral or immoral as God has already chosen those who shall be saved.John Calvin argued that people have no free will in regard to moral decision making; stating that God makes his choice about who to save, therefore does not look at a person and recognise them as good. Calvin stated that people only do good because God made them that way and placed them in an environm ent that would only make them do good. Logically Calvin concluded that if we have no control over our actions due to being made to act in a certain way, we cannot be considered responsible for them, thus we cannot make a moral decision as the decision and way we act was already determined by God.

Strategic Analysis Tools In Applied Research Technologies Business Essay - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 9 Words: 2696 Downloads: 5 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Business Essay Type Analytical essay Did you like this example? Introduction: In this assignment would try to focus on a company named Applied Research Technologies which has many divisions like healthcare, industrial automation, energy conversion, transportation solutions for oil and gas industry and preparation of water filtration equipment and HAVC (heating Ventilation and Air Conditioning, including climate control solutions for residential, commercial and industrial markets. With Mr.David Hall as its CEO of ARTs and Mr Peter Vyaswas appointed as the manager of filtration Unit. ART was one of the technology worlds emerging giants. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Strategic Analysis Tools In Applied Research Technologies Business Essay" essay for you Create order In this essay we try to emphasis on and analysis on various industrial tools like Porters Five Force analysis, PESTEL analysis and also on strategic management tools of the organization. Vision Statement of ARTs: We aim to change the world through innovation, and to grow our place in it through entrepreneurship. Harvard Business School, (2010) Strategic Management: In order to create and sustain in competitive market the organization undertakes decisions, actions and analysis the situation to gain competitive advantage in the industry. This definition captures two main elements that go to the heart of the field of strategic management. First, the strategic management of an organization involves three on going processes which are as follows: analysis, decisions, and actions. That is, strategic management is concerned with the analysis of strategic goals like vision, mission and strategic objective of the company, which also includes the internal and external environment of the organization. Michael Porter says that sustainability cannot be achieved through operational effectiveness alone. Dess, Gregory , Lumpkin and Taylor, (2005.) Strategic Positioning: The strategic positioning of an organization includes the developing of the desired future position of the organization on the basis of present and likely developments, and the making of plans to realize that positioning. In the ARTs company dedicated on supporting new ideas, but also in funding various research development projects. Sharing of knowledge and dissemination was another key factor which positioned the company into the market. The companys biggest strength was in its core product and technology which they used.It had the objective of to attract the best and brightest wherever they live. Harvard Business School. (2010, pp.61) Strategic Decisions: As the organization functions the entire resources and the results are disturbed with the whole of environment. Important strategic decisions are major resource ideas for a company. Strategic decisions are tough in nature and very complex to deal within organization. The decisions are the long-term decisions and are concerned with future planning. They also related to overall counter development of all organization and also strive through growth. Management Study Guide (1998-2000) In ARTs the strategic choices were the most vital for company. Vyas was accountable for the major decisions involved in the water filtration unit. Vyas took active interest in developing the unit. As, he was appointed as the manager as for the filtration unit in 2001 his first decision was to rebuilt the team by carefully selecting entrepreneurial-minded individuals to fill the vacancies left by turnover in the unit. One of the major recruitment was Janice Wagner, whom he knew from her five year as a marketing manager in the HVAC division. Strategic Implementation: Organization successes at strategy operation effectively manage three key support factors: Action planning: Companies success at implementing strategy established detailed action plans and assigning duty to specific individual for doing each of those action steps. Thus breaking down their big strategy statement in to small targets Birnbaum (2000-2009). The main objective for the manager Mr.Vyas to look in to the detail planning of the organization and his job involved was to assign different task to each department and also recruiting new people in the organization. Organizational Structure: The organizational structure is depended on the current structure whether the proposed strategy fits in the current situation and whether the current trend is suitable for the business. ARTs also focused on its business strategy as its current position and structure formation was depended on the management. The Annual Business: To fund all the projected strategies companies are aware of their needs. They need to consider about the important financial commitment in the planning method. They have their own forecasting plans and strategic to deal with annual business. ARTs company did have their own plans for their particular units assigned to the managers to carry out the day-to-day activities. The company had many financial decisions to be made, on part of their business strategy. Strategic Analysis of ARTs: Here we would try to study the various strategies which would benefit the industry to reach their goals and could get success to their planning of strategies. Here we would also be discussing the various tools which can be used to review the companys performance. Porters Five Forces: Porters five forces model helps regaining where the power lies in a business. Porters model can be used as one of the industrial tool to analysis the company structure. Porters ModelÂÂ  is an important part of anticipating tool set by the industry, by using a outline rather than a formal statistical model. Porters model of competitive forcesÂÂ  accepts that there areÂÂ  five competitive forcesÂÂ  that identify the competitive power in a business situation. (Source: Chapman, (2005). Porters Five Forces Model) New substitute: The threat to the organization can be due to the customers moving to other competitors. There may be many substitutes available in the market and thus customer can certainly find the product or service that offers that same service for lesser price. Substitutes are a major threat to the company, as it creates competition in the market. In the ARTs company as a company there is always the threat in the market which could arise due to various substitutes available in the market. There are various other companies which offer a similar kind of product and at a cheaper price. The biggest implication for the company would be that it would directly affect its product launch due to intense competition in market and various products competing with each other. New Entrances: The entrance in the market also declines the power of the organization. Threat of new entry depends upon on the entry and exit barriers. There may be many reasons for it like economies of scale are not high, customer switching to other products, thus it is always viable to keep the entry barriers high so that the market maintains its standard on the level of players in the market and so there could me more profit even when the market is not good. As, you can see in the case study there is also huge investments made ARTs company to develop its new product. It is very difficult for the competitors to break into the industry as there are already much well established players in the market which are already well known in the market and they also have a maintained a very good relation with buyers and sellers. As, the ARTs has always maintained a good relation with its buyers and suppliers its very becomes difficult for any competitors to entre to this industry. Power of suppliers: Power of suppliers means, how control the suppliers have to drive down their products. When suppliers have more hold over supplies and its prices that segment is less attractive. This could also happen in any organization where suppliers have an upper hand. As, the switching cost is very high from one supplier to another supplier its very difficult for any supplier of the ARTs to switch to any other supplier. Its only possible in the ARTs company when suppliers ar directly competing with their buyers and if they do not get a proper price for their product and they margins what they require. Power of Buyers: Buyer power is always said to be remain high as in the condition where the suppliers are like a very small operators and the buyers have a upper hand. As, in the ARTs company the ultimate buyers are the consumer of their products or their distributers. The implication for the ARTs is that the company is going to launch its new product, so the buyers could demand for margin and could also create competition for ARTs suppliers. This could be due to if ARTs not supplying the right product or satisfactory price to its buyers and it could end up the buyers producing their own products hence creating competition for ARTs before launch of their product. One of another tool which used by all the industry to start up a new business is the PESTEL analysis which also emphases on the industrial factors: PESTEL ANALYSIS: Pestle analysis is strategic planning method that offers a valuable outline for evaluating the environmental pressure on team or on the group. Rogers, J (1999), M Edmonstone, J (1999) The following are the main factors in PESTEL analysis: E- Economic The local, national and world economic influence. As you can see there was huge potential for the company to grow organically. In April 2006, according to palmer drought index 26% of united states was considered in moderate to extreme drought conditions and there was a major scarcity situation. They had a huge market in the U.S for residential water purification. As, the US market is a saturated market the ARTs company needs to focus on the other growing market. As, the company faces financial difficulties in producing the goods and also the economic scenario of the market due to recession and shortage of money supply in the company for the product manufacturing the company may face a great difficulty in introducing its product in the market. S- Socialogical The ways in which changes in the society affect the project. There are some sociological factors which also disturb the organization like the demographical factor in countries like India or the income distribution of the country which could affect the penetration of the organization due high price or market condition. T- Technological How new and developing technology affects the organization. Technology was the key factors of the ARTs as an organization which drive the company. The company spend more on its technological units due to its core focus of the product depended on the success of its technology. Like new discoveries and development in the technology of the unit and the speed of the technology to develop a product also are the key drivers for the companys goals. L- Legal How local issues like legal matters and laws affects any organization or industry. This can be through the management laws towards its employees and could be used, towards the safety of the employees and the product safety, could be the issue which company could have faced while developing the product. E- Environment This could be in form of global and national environmental issues. As the whole concept to develop the product was to provide a solution to provide a safer and clean drinking water to the society by providing a technology which could help the environment and provide more comprehensive household water. ARTs may also face legal hurdles like the energy consumption to produce their technology for their product, also the waste disposable form the industry which contaminates the water and the government laws to protect the environment. Rapidbi, (2007) says that there are various factors that could affect the organization. One has to look beyond all the factors for a successful running of the organisation. Renewal Associates,(2003). There are always key drivers for change in the company. For ARTs the key drivers for change are the economical factors and other one is the technological factors which are driving the company. As, the economy is growing the ARTs as an company is trying to grow through various acquisition which it had done in past and has kept the its pace of growth study by providing sound and fundamental company. Technology is the key driver of change in the company as, the company is fully depended on its technology which it has adapted from time to time and has always adapted the new technology with the growing demand. Key Drivers for Change: The different scenario for the company is to grow globally like going internationally and taping international consumers. Increasing global competition which will encourage further globalisation. For ARTs the key drivers like their technology which could help the company to grow globally by providing good products to its international customers or following their strategy by acquiring new companies or their competitors. But the company should remember that every, change comes with the cost and hampers companies profitability, ARTs needs to focus on its key driver and also maintain the cost. Strategic Groups: Strategic groups are the organization within an industry or sector with similar strategic features, similar strategies or competing on similar bases. It helps to know who the competitors of the given company are and also emphases on the basis of competitive conflict within each strategic group is different from another group. It also relates to finding threats and opportunity to the organization. In the case study we have seen that the team identified the potential market and the competitors which affected business. Johnson, Scholes and Whittington, (2008). Key Success factors: They key success factors for ARTs unit from my point of view was their management skills which their manager Peter Vyas exhibited on all the stages of the decision making. The companys has also succeeded through various merger and acquisition of number of technology based companies. As, per the PESTLE analysis ARTs had a very favourable environment which provided a huge potential market for the company. Studying the POTERs Five Forces we can analysis that ARTs as an organization had a very promising future due to its external environment and its prospects for the growth which company aimed for. Key Drivers for the ARTs as an industry: The PESTEL factors is the most important to identify a number of key drivers of change, which are forces likely to affect the structure of an industry, sector or market. Its important for any organization to identify the key drivers across levels. As it could not be the same factors which could impact the companys success, but there could be different factors like macro-environment factors or technological factors which could be the key drivers for the company. The key drivers can be identified and understood. They vary by industry or sector and it also depended on organization how they identify each driver. Johnson, Scholes and Whittington (2008, pp.69-71). In the above organization the key drivers could be a). Technological factors, b). Environmental factors, For ARTs above mentioned factors were the key drivers which pulled the organization towards their vision. Conclusion: The importance of strategic planning in any organization used with in this assignment and various tools adopted by the organization for their growth. Opportunities are only possible by looking across strategic groups particularly in the macro-environment and the concepts and framework used in this company should help in understanding the factors in the macro industry and competitor or market environments of an organisation. However the implications drawn from this understanding in strategic decisions and strategic management are the key success drivers of any organizations. Identification of threat and opportunities can be extremely valuable when doing strategic analysis and thinking about the strategic choices in the future .As the key drivers for the company was their technology and marketing skills, but they lacked in financial decision making. Recommendations: For the ARTs its always viable to look at the external factors around the industry and management needs to build a trust in their employees. The organization needs to rethink on the part of its business strategies as well as financial strategies before launching their products. The company needs to identify their key drivers using these industrial tools to have a success of their launch, so that they do not fail again and maintain their key position in the market. The company can work on various other strategies like financial decisions on the part of their launch and also can implement various new strategies to get the product launched successfully. It has huge potential and could have a very big market to focus on and should work on each and every resource which is provided to them whatever the market environment existed